Bosnian Genocide

From the siege of sarajevo to srebrenica

Following the death of Josip Broz Tito, leaders clinging to ethno-nationalism rose to power across Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina, a majority Muslim republic, found itself under attack by Serb and Croat forces in a race for expansionism and power. Once considered a melting pot of cultures in which Jews, Muslims, Christians, Catholics and others lived side by side in peace…the small country found its Bosniak-Muslim population defenseless as the Serb army laid siege to its town and villages in an attempt to exterminate and “ethnically cleanse” the country of Bosnian Muslims. To find out more about how the genocide in Srebrenica and Bosnia unfolded, we have prepared a variety of resources and academic articles on the systematic and industrialised process of genocide and ethnic cleansing which took place during the Bosnian War. 

Mass Graves Uncovered

Since 1995 over 750 mass graves have been uncovered in Bosnia
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The Death March

The treacherous 70 mile long journey to safety
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The Bosnian Genocide Timeline

1945

Bosnia-Herzegovina liberated from Nazi-allied forces following a unified campaign by partisans under Tito.

1945

Tito assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia in Belgrade

1980

Tito dies sparking increased division and ethno-nationalism within Yugoslavia

1989

Fall of the Berlin wall and collapse of the Soviet Union and Communism

1991

Following the collapse of communism, nationalist-separatists win first multi-party elections

June, Slovenia and Croatia declare their independence from Yugoslavia, leading to civil war

February - March
1992

Following the rise of nationalist rhetoric, Bosnians vote to declare Independence. Independence from Yugoslavia declared on March 3rd.

April
1992

War of Aggression on Bosnia by Serb forces unfolds. Bosnian-Serb Nationalists declare independence of the new ‘Republika Srpska’ within Bosnia-Herzegovina, politically led by Radovan Karadžić.

April 5
1992

Siege of Sarajevo begins. Serb forces seize the city of Sarajevo, blocking and cutting off the city from all resources.

May
1992

Bosnian-Serb army is established and Ratko Mladić  appointed as commander. Bosnian Serb troops control two-thirds of Bosnia. An immediate siege and attack on Sarajevo is launched by the Bosnian-Serb forces resulting in a daily terror campaign against the civilians.

August
1992

Ed Vuilliamy and Penny Marshall visit Omarska and Trnopolje concentration camps and share their accounts with the world

May
1993

April, UN declares areas of Srebrenica and Žepa as ‘safe zones’

March
1995

March, Karadžić signs ‘Directive 7’ calling for combat operations to “create an unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival or life” for those living in the UN safe areas of Srebrenica and Zepa. 

May
1995

May, as the shelling of Sarajevo continues, NATO warplanes bomb a Bosnian-Serb ammunition depot. In retaliation, Bosnian Serb forces take more than 200 UN troops hostage and surround an additional 150.

July
1995

2nd July, the safe zone of Srebrenica is shelled and Bosnian Serb troops advance as Dutch UN soldiers retreat or are captured.

 

July
1995

11th July, Ratko Mladić’s nationalist forces enter Srebrenica. Thousands of people, mostly women, children and the elderly have already fled to nearby Potocari, while around 15,000 men begin trekking through the woods to reach Tuzla, thousands are killed by Bosnian-Serb Forces on their journey.

July
1995

12-13th July, Bosnian-Serb Forces separate men and boys from the rest of the refugees in Potocari. Women and children are put on buses and trucks and sent to Muslim-controlled territory. The men are executed and buried in mass graves and many women raped.

August - November
1995

August-November, Bosnian Serb forces dig up primary graves with heavy machinery and rebury bodies in secondary or tertiary graves in attempts to disguise their actions. 

December
1995

December, Dayton peace accord creates two entities, one for Bosnian Muslims and Croats, the other for Serbs. An international peacekeeping force is deployed.

Bosnian War and Genocide- History and Analysis

What happened in Srebrenica

On 6th April 1993, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 819, declaring that Srebrenica and a 30 square mile area around the town was a United Nations Safe Area. The UN promised the people of Srebrenica safety and security. Their promises fell through as genocide began.

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Women of Bosnia

It belies the imagination: the horror of a mother as she tries in vain to protect her daughters from the attack of brutal, vicious soldiers. Elmina Kulašić pays tribute to her mother, and all the mothers of Bosnia.

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White Armband Day

50 years after the Nazi decree that Jews should wear the star of David, Bosnian Muslims were ordered to wear white armbands, as they were marked for execution.

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The Breakup of Yugoslavia

Over the course of just three years, torn by a rising wave of ethno-nationalism , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into five successor states: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later known as Serbia and Montenegro). Click on the interactive map to see how this unfolded.

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List of Victims

The names of the 8,372 victims (mostly men and boys) who were killed in the Srebrenica genocide. Abdurahmanović Hajrudin Šefko Abdurahmanović Idriz Fehim Abdurahmanović Ismet

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Sexual Violence in Bosnia

It is estimated that somewhere between 20-50,000 women were raped during the war in Bosnia. Women were imprisoned in gyms, hotels, abandoned houses, and concentration camps.

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Witnessing Genocide: Journalists & Academics

Award-winning photographers and journalists recount their experiences of witnessing a war through the lens.

Ed Vulliamy

Justice” but still no reckoning. A look at the people who feel that the crimes against them haven’t been recognised

Dr Gill Wigglesworth

The role of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Amel Emric

Photographer Amel Emric provides a uniquely intimate view into the lives of refugees fleeing ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Nina Berman

An award-winning documentary photographer, travelled through Bosnia to document how rape was being used as a strategy for ethnic cleansing during the war.

Ron Haviv

This award-winning photojournalist, documented the Yugoslav Wars at length. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) used his work as evidence for prosecuting those accused of war crimes.

Tom Stoddart

In July 1991 this award-winning photographer, travelled to Sarajevo to document the civil war that was engulfing Yugoslavia. The photographs he captured there were published across the world.